Decades of research demonstrate how preventive oral health practices can help decrease the development of certain oral health conditions, including dental caries, or cavities. Preventive oral healthcare starts good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing with fluoridated toothpaste, drinking fluoridated water, flossing daily, chewing sugar free gum, and avoiding excess sugar and fermentable carbohydrates, and not smoking. Prevention also includes addressing socio-economic and racial/ethnic inequalities that impact access to oral healthcare and education.
Find out more about how evidenced-based preventive practices can address gaps in oral healthcare and reduce the prevalence of dental caries and other oral health conditions in this review of published research.
Socio-economic and racial/ethnic inequalities
- Oral health needs among youth with a history of foster care – 2021
- Racial/Ethnic Disparities Among US Children and Adolescents in Use of Dental Care – 2020
- Racial and ethnic disparities in medical and dental health, access to care, and use of services in US children – 2018
- Trends in dental caries in children and adolescents according to poverty status in the United States from 1999 through 2004 and from 2011 through 2014 – 2017
- Trends in racial/ethnic disparities in medical and oral health, access to care, and use of services in US children: has anything changed over the years? – 2013
- Inequalities in dental attendance throughout the life-course – 2012
- Exploring socioeconomic disparities in self-reported oral health among adolescents in California – 2011
- Social inequalities in childhood dental caries: the convergent roles of stress, bacteria and disadvantage – 2010
- Socioeconomic factors in adolescents’ oral health: are they mediated by oral hygiene behaviors or preventive interventions? – 2010
- Disparities in children’s oral health and access to dental care – 2000
- The effect of water fluoridation and social inequalities on dental caries in 5-year-old children – 1999
- Oral health inequality in Canada, the United States and United Kingdom – 2022
- Disparities in Access to Oral Health Care – 2020
- 2020 – Preventing Chronic Disease. Oral Health and COVID-19: Increasing the Need for Prevention and Access
- The role of municipal public policies in oral health socioeconomic inequalities in Brazil: A multilevel study – 2018
- Racial Inequalities in Oral Health – 2018
- Reducing Indigenous Oral Health Inequalities: A Review from 5 Nations – 2018
- Addressing Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities – 2016
- Socioeconomic inequality and caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis – 2015
- Socioeconomic inequalities in the use of dental care services in Europe: what is the role of public coverage? – 2014
- Dietary, self-reported oral health and socio-demographic predictors of general health status among older adults – 2012
- The independent contribution of neighborhood disadvantage and individual-level socioeconomic position to self-reported oral health: a multilevel analysis – 2007
- Theoretical explanations for social inequalities in oral health – 2007
- From Victim blaming to upstream action: tackling the social determinants of oral health inequalities – 2007
- Evaluating the role of dental behavior in oral health inequalities – 2006
- Oral Health among Elderly, Impact on Life Quality, Access of Elderly Patients to Oral Health Services and Methods to Improve Oral Health, 2022
- Inequalities in Untreated Root Caries and Affordability of Dental Services among Older American Adults – 2020
- Racial/Ethnic Minority Older Adults’ Perspectives on Proposed Medicaid Reforms’ Effects on Dental Care Access – 2017
- Dietary, self-reported oral health and socio-demographic predictors of general health status among older adults – 2012
- Income-related inequalities in dental service utilization by Europeans aged 50+ – 2011
Oral hygiene practices: Prevention and repercussions of untreated dental caries
- Ultra-processed foods and early childhood caries in 0-3-year-olds enrolled at Primary Healthcare Centers in Southern Brazil -2020
- Primary Prevention of Periodontal Disease in Relation to Preterm Birth in Malawi – 2015
- Oral Health and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes – What’s Next? – 2011
- Oral Health in Women During Preconception and Pregnancy: Implications for Birth Outcomes and Infant Oral Health – 2006
- The effect of caries-preventive measures in mothers on dental caries and the oral presence of the bacteria Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in their children – 1984
- Impact of school sealant programs on oral health among youth and identification of potential barriers to implementation – 2021
- Multilevel model to estimate county-level untreated dental caries among US children aged 6-9 years using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey – 2018
- Periodicity of Examination, Preventive Dental Services, Anticipatory Guidance/ Counseling, and Oral Treatment for Infants, Children, and Adolescents – 2018
- Effectiveness of oral health education on oral hygiene and dental caries in schoolchildren: Systematic review and meta-analysis – 2017
- A systematic review of the effects of supervised toothbrushing on caries incidence in children and adolescents – 2017
- Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents – 2016
- Vital Signs: Dental Sealant Use and Untreated Tooth Decay Among U.S. School-Aged Children – 2016
- Maintaining and Improving the Oral Health of Young Children -2014
- Office-based preventive dental program and statewide trends in dental caries – 2014
- Early childhood caries update: A review of causes, diagnoses, and treatments – 2013
- Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents – 2013
- Caries in five-year-old children and associations with family-related factors – 2010
- Early childhood caries: current evidence for etiology and prevention – 2006
- Predicting caries in permanent teeth from caries in primary teeth: an eight-year cohort study – 2002
- Evidence of effectiveness of preventive dental care in reducing dental treatment use and related expenditures – 2018
- Prevention and control of dental caries and periodontal diseases at individual and population level: consensus report of group 3 of joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases – 2017
- Dental Caries Management in Children and Adults- 2016
- Which is a stronger indicator of dental caries: oral hygiene, food, or beverage? A clinical study – 2014
- Validation of the CDA CAMBRA caries risk assessment – a six-year retrospective study – 2011
- Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases – 2004
Fluoridation
- Projecting the economic impact of silver diamine fluoride on caries treatment expenditures and outcomes in young U.S. children- 2019
- Fluoride Varnish and Dental Caries in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis – 2019
- Caries arrest by topical fluorides in preschool children: 30-month results – 2018
- Fluoride toothpaste efficacy and safety in children younger than 6 years: a systematic review – 2014
- Fluoride Varnish Efficacy in Preventing Early Childhood Caries – 2008
- Projected Outcomes of Removing Fluoride from US Public Water Systems – 2025
- Fluoride Exposure and Children’s IQ Scores: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis – 2025
- Early Childhood Exposures to Fluorides and Child Behavioral Development and Executive Function: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study – 2022
- The Effects of Fluoride in Drinking Water – 2021
- Systemic Effects (Risks) of Water Fluoridation – 2019
- Consequences of community water fluoridation cessation for Medicaid-eligible children and adolescents in Juneau, Alaska – 2018
- Water Fluoridation and Dental Caries in U.S. Children and Adolescents – 2018
- Absence of Fluoride Varnish-Related Adverse Events in Caries Prevention Trials in Young Children, United States – 2017
- Use of Silver Diamine Fluoride for Dental Caries Management in Children and Adolescents, Including Those with Special Health Care Needs – 2017
- Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries – 2015
- Fluoride use in caries prevention in the primary care setting – 2014
- Fluoride toothpaste preventing dental caries in children and adolescents – 2013
- Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents – 2013
- Fluoride supplements (tablets, drops, lozenges or chewing gum) for preventing dental caries in children- 2011
- Effectiveness of in vitro primary coronal caries prevention with silver diamine fluoride – Chemical vs. biofilm models – 2020
- Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries – 2019
- Fluoride effectiveness in high caries risk and medically complex Veterans – 2014
- Topical fluoride for caries prevention: executive summary of the updated clinical recommendations and supporting systematic review – 2013
- Mechanisms of action of fluoride for caries control – 2011
- Professionally applied topical fluoride: evidence-based clinical recommendations – 2006
- Fluoride varnishes in caries prevention – 2004
- Prevention and reversal of dental caries: role of low level fluoride – 1999
Sugar and other fermentable carbohydrates
- Added Sugar and Dental Caries in Children: A Scientific Update and Future Steps – 2019
- Long-term effectiveness of a nutritional program in reducing early childhood caries: a randomized trial – 2010
- The roles of meal, snack, and daily total food and beverage exposures on caries experience in young children – 2005
- Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health – 2019
- Sugar Restriction for Caries Prevention: Amount and Frequency. Which Is More Important? – 2019
- The impact of sugar-sweetened beverages tax on oral health and costs of dental care in Australia – 2019
- Sugar before bed: a simple dietary risk factor for caries experience – 2107
- Sugars and Dental Caries: Evidence for Setting a Recommended Threshold for Intake
- Effects of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Caries and Treatment Costs – 2016
- Diet and Dental Caries: The Pivotal Role of Free Sugars Reemphasized – 2015
- Effect on caries of restricting sugars intake: systematic review to inform WHO guidelines.
- Added sugars and periodontal disease in young adults: an analysis of NHANES III data – 2014
- Preventing dental caries associated with sugar-sweetened beverages – 2013
Chewing Gum
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Role of Sugar-Free Chewing Gum on Plaque Quantity in the Oral Cavity – 2022
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of sugar-free chewing gum on Streptococcus mutans – 2021
- A global approach to assess the economic benefits of increased consumption of sugar-free chewing gum – 2017
- Oral health promotion: the economic benefits to the NHS of increased use of sugarfree gum in the UK – 2016
- The effect of sugar-free chewing gum on plaque and clinical parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review – 2012
